1. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database ( http://plants.usda.gov , Dec 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
2. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root ( Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol . 2006;46(3):167-192. PubMed
, .3. 1994 ; ( 1 ): 75-89 .
. Int J Pharmacog .4. Licorice and cancer . Nutr Cancer . 2001 ; ( 1 ): 1-11 .
, .5. Anti-oxidant constituents of the roots and stolons of licorice ( G. glabra ) . J Agric Food Chem . 2007 ; ( 12 ): 4691-4697 . PubMed
, , , et al.6. HPLC determination of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid in biological fluids, after licorice extract administration to humans and rats . Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico . 1994 ; ( 11 ): 704-708 . PubMed
, , , et al.7. 2005 ; ( 3 ): 642-652 . PubMed
, , , et al. . J Clin Invest .8. Licking latency with licorice . J Clin Invest . 2005 ; ( 3 ): 591-593 . PubMed
.9. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus . Lancet . 2003 ; ( 9374 ): 2045-2046 . PubMed
, , , et al.10. Isoliquiritigenin induces apoptosis by depolarizing mitochondrial membranes in prostate cancer cells . J Nutr Biochem . 2006 ; ( 10 ): 689-696 . PubMed
, , , et al.11. Activation of rapid signaling pathways and the subsequent transcriptional regulation for the proliferation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells by the treatment with an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root . Food Chem Tox . 2007 ; ( 12 ): 2470-2478 . PubMed
, , , et al.12. Analysis of the interactions of botanical extract combinations against the viability of prostate cancer cell lines . eCAM . 2006 ; ( 1 ): 117-124 . PubMed
, , , , .13. Effects of the licorice extract against tumor growth and cisplatin-induced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer . Bio Pharm Bull . 2007 ; ( 11 ): 2191-2195 . PubMed
, et al.14. Structure-dependent activity of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [gamma] agonists in colon cancer cells . Mol Cancer Ther . 2007 ; ( 5 ): 1588-1598 . PubMed
, , , et al.15. A long-term glycyrrhizin injection therapy reduces hepatocellular carcinogenesis rate in patients with interferon-resistant active chronic hepatitis C: a cohort study of 1249 patients . Dig Dis Sci . 2006 ; ( 3 ): 603-609 .
, , , et al.16. Endoscopic controlled trial of four drug regimens in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulceration . Ir J Med . 1985 ; : 153-156 . PubMed
.17. Comparison between cimetidine and Caved-S in the treatment of gastric ulceration, and subsequent maintenance therapy . Gut . 1982 ; ( 6 ): 545-551 . PubMed
, , , .18. Maintenance therapy: a two year comparison between Caved-S and cimetidine treatment in the prevention of symptomatic gastric ulcer recurrence . Gut . 1985 ; ( 6 ): 599-602 . PubMed
, , .19. 1991 ; ( 10 ): 617-619 . PubMed
, . China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica .20. The effects of carbenoxolone on human myocardial conduction: a tool to investigate the role of gap junctional uncoupling in human arrhythmogenesis . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006 ; ( 6 ): 1242-1249 . PubMed
, , , , .21. Effect of licorice root on Carrageenan-induced decrease in immune complex clearance in mice . J Ethnopharm . 1996 ; ( 1 ): 1-4 .
, , , .22. Increased in vivo regeneration of cortisol in adipose tissue in human obesity and effects of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor carbenoxolone . Diabetes . 2005 ; ( 3 ): 872-879 . PubMed
, , , et al.23. Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo limits glucocorticoid exposure to human adipose tissue and decreases lipolysis . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2007 ; ( 3 ): 857-864 . PubMed
, , , et al.24. Effects of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor carbenoxolone on insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2003 ; ( 1 ): 285-291 . PubMed
, , .25. Licorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy women . Steroids . 2004 ; ( 11-12 ): 763-766 .
, , , et al.26. Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with spironolactone plus licorice . Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol . 2007 ; ( 1 ): 61-67 . PubMed
, , , et al.27. Estrogen bioactivity in fo-ti and other herbs used for their estrogen-like effects as determined by a recombinant cell bioassay . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2003 ; ( 9 ): 4077-4079 . PubMed
, , , .28. 1996 .
, , , eds. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals . London: Pharmaceutical Press;29. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG . 2002 ; : 227-235 . PubMed
.30. Risk factors for preterm delivery . Lancet . 2003 ; ( 9355 ): 436 . PubMed
, , .31. Congestive heart failure caused by digitalis toxicity in an elderly man taking a licorice-containing Chinese herbal laxative . Cardiology . 2002 ; ( 4 ): 218 . PubMed
, , , , .32. Different effects of traditional Chinese medicines containing similar herbal constituents on prednisolone pharmacokinetics . J Pharm Pharmacol . 1995 ; ( 8 ): 687-692 . PubMed
, , , et al.33. Effect of oral administration of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone . Endocrinol Japon . 1991 ; ( 2 ): 167-174 . PubMed
, , , , .34. Effect of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following low dosage of prednisolone hemisuccinate . Endocrinol Japon . 1990 ; ( 3 ): 331-341 . PubMed
, , , , .35. Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2003 ; ( 6 ): 2384-2392 . PubMed
, .36. Severe hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, muscle paralysis, and respiratory impairment in a hypertensive patient taking herbal medicines containing licorice . Intern Med . 2007 ; ( 9 ): 575-578 . PubMed
, , , .37. Ocular adverse effects associated with systemic medications: recognition and management . Drugs . 2007 ; ( 1 ): 75-93 . PubMed
, .38. Is blood pressure commonly raised by moderate consumption of liquorice? J Human Hyperten 1995 ; ( 5 ): 345-348 . PubMed
, , , .39. 1989 ; ( 12 ): 9-12 .
. Pharm Ztg .40. Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism . N Engl J Med . 1991 ; ( 17 ): 1223-1227 . PubMed
, , , , .41. Electrocardiographic manifestations in patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis . Am J Med Sci . 2003 ; ( 3 ): 128-132 . PubMed
, , , et al.42. Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis . Mayo Clin Proc . 2003 ; ( 6 ): 767-768 . PubMed
, .43. Potential causes of secondary hypertension . Am Fam Physician . 2003 ; ( 1 ): 42 . PubMed
.44. An unusual cause of hypokalemic paralysis: chronic licorice ingestion . Am J Med Sci . 2003 ; ( 3 ): 153-156 . PubMed
, , , .