1. Spinacia oleracea L. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database ( http://plants.usda.gov , 1 June 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
2. 2001 . http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-17.html . Accessed September 10, 2007.
. Spinach. North Carolina State University. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Horticulture Information Leaflets .3. Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods . Carcinogenesis . 1997;18(9):1847-1850. PubMed
, , , et al.4. Bakshi S , Bergman M , Dovrat S , Grossman S . Unique natural antioxidants (NAOs) and derived purified components inhibit cell cycle progression by downregulation of ppRb and E2F in human PC3 prostate cancer cells . FEBS Lett . 2004;573(1-3):31-37.
5. Food sources of phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk in Mexican women . Nutr Cancer . 2000;37(2):134-139. PubMed
, , , , .6. Antioxidants and the eye . Int Ophthalmol Clin . 2000;40(4):1-16.
.7. Inhibitory effects of glycolipids fraction from spinach on mammalian DNA polymerase activity and human cancer cell proliferation . J Nutr Biochem . 2005;16(10):594-601. PubMed
, , , et al.8. Spinach or carrots can supply significant amounts of vitamin A as assessed by feeding with intrinsically deuterated vegetables . Am J Clin Nutr . 2005;82(4):821-828. PubMed
, , , , .9. Spinach cultigen variation for tissue carotenoid concentrations influences human serum carotenoid levels and macular pigment optical density following a 12-week dietary intervention . J Agric Food Chem . 2006;54(21):7998-8005. PubMed
, , , et al.10. Determining bioavailability of food folates in a controlled intervention study . Am J Clin Nutr . 2004;80(4):911-918. PubMed
, , , et al.11. PubMed
, , , et al. . Br J Nutr . 2002;88(6):681-688.12. Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men . J Nutr . 2004;134(8):1887-1893. PubMed
, , .13. Clinical investigation on gastric oxalate absorption . Chin Med J (Engl) . 2003;116(11):1749-1751. PubMed
, , , .14. Biodegradation of oxalic acid from spinach using cereal radicles . J Agric Food Chem . 2005;53(25):9751-9758. PubMed
, .15. Bioavailability of soluble oxalate from spinach eaten with and without milk products . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr . 2003;12(2):219-224. PubMed
, .16. Nitrates and nitrites in vegetables and vegetable-based products and their intakes by the Estonian population . Food Addit Contam . 2006;23(4):355-361. PubMed
, , , , , .17. Intake of carrots, spinach and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 1997;6(11):887-892. PubMed
, , , , .18. Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells . J Nutr . 2001;131(12):3303-3306. PubMed
, , , et al.19. A population-based case-control study of carotenoid and vitamin A intake and ovarian cancer (United States) . Cancer Causes Control . 2001;12(1):83-90. PubMed
, , , et al.20. Carotenoids and colon cancer . Am J Clin Nutr . 2000;71(2):575-582. PubMed
, , , et al.21. Composition, efficacy, and safety of spinach extracts . Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):222-231. PubMed
, , , .22. Topical and oral administration of the natural water-soluble antioxidant from spinach reduces the multiplicity of papillomas in the Tg.AC mouse model . Toxicol Lett . 2001;122(2-3):33-44.
, , , et al.23. An epoxide-furanoid rearrangement of spinach neoxanthin occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of mice and in vitro: formation and cytostatic activity of neochrome stereoisomers . J Nutr . 2004;134(9):2237-2243. PubMed
, , .24. Effects of DNA polymerase inhibitory and antitumor activities of lipase-hydrolyzed glycolipid fractions from spinach . J Nutr Biochem . 2005;16(2):121-128. PubMed
, , , et al.25. Inhibitory effect on replicative DNA polymerases, human cancer cell proliferation, and in vivo anti-tumor activity by glycolipids from spinach . Curr Med Chem . 2007;14(9):955-967. PubMed
, , , .26. Bioavailability of folate from processed spinach in humans . Ann Nutr Metab . 2000;44(4):163-169. PubMed
, , , et al.27. Long-term dietary strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits . J Neurosci . 1998;18(19):8047-8055. PubMed
, , , et al.28. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation . J Neurosci . 1999;19(18):8114-8121. PubMed
, , , et al.29. Eighteen-month-old fischer 344 rats fed a spinach-enriched diet show improved delay classical eyeblink conditioning and reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) and tnf in the cerebellum . J Neurosci . 2002;22(14):5813-5816. PubMed
, , .30. A possible emerging role of phytochemicals in improving age-related neurological dysfunctions: a multiplicity of effects . Free Radic Biol Med . 2001;30(6):583-594. PubMed
, .31. Dietary modification of human macular pigment density . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1997;38(9):1795-1801. PubMed
, , , et al.32. Ayes for your eyes. Cataracts and macular degeneration are two common eye problems. But you can lower the chances that they'll happen to you . Harv Health Lett . 2004;29(4):1-2.
33. Spinach makes a safer anthrax vaccine . Drug Discov Today . 2003;8(10):428-430. PubMed
.34. Plant based HIV-1 vaccine candidate: Tat protein produced in spinach . Vaccine . 2005;23(15):1875-1880. PubMed
, , , et al.35. Dietary carotinoids and human immune function . Nutrition . 2001;17(10):823-827. PubMed
.36. Things that affect our INR. Bandolier . May 2001 ;87(5). http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band87/b87-5.html . Accessed September 10, 2007.
37. On the influence of vitamin K-rich vegetables and wine on the effectiveness of warfarin treatment . Acta Med Scand . 1986;220(4):347-350. PubMed
, , .38. Effect of vitamin K intake on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationships in healthy subjects . Blood . 2004;104(9):2682-2689. PubMed
, , , , .39. Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content . Br J Nutr . 2004;91(4):601-606. PubMed
, , , .40. Oral allergy syndrome induced by spinach . Allergy . 1997;52(12):1245-1246. PubMed
, , , et al.41. PubMed
, , , et al. . Allergy . 2005;60(3):408-409.42. Cross-allergy to latex and spinach . Acta Derm Venereol . 2000;80(1):51. PubMed
, , , et al.43. Food allergy to spinach and mushroom . Allergy . 2002;57(3):261-262. PubMed
, , , et al.44. Herrera-Mozo I , , , . Description of a novel panallergen of cross-reactivity between moulds and foods . Immunol Invest . 2006;35(2):181-197. PubMed
45. http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/gout/purfood.html .
46. Spinach attack: a funny turn in gouty arthritis . Rheumatol Int . 2003;23(6):327. PubMed
, .