1. USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS Database ( http://plants.usda.gov , October 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
2.
, , , eds. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology . Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:70-71.3.
. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy . 14th ed. London: WB Saunders Co. Ltd; 1996:185-186.4.
. The Food Pharmacy . New York, NY: Bantam Books; 1989:242-245.5. Robbers J, et al. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology . Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:70-71.
6. Reynolds JE, ed. The Extra Pharmacopoeia: Martindale . 31st ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society; 1996:1734.
7. Visioli F, Poli A, Gall C. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Med Res Rev . 2002;22:65-75. PubMed
8. Maiani G, D'Amicis A. Vitamin nutritional status in Italy. Eur J Cancer Prev . 1997;(6 suppl 1):S3-S9. PubMed
9. Haber B. The Mediterranean diet: a view from history. Am J Clin Nutr . 1997;66(4 suppl):1053S-1057S. PubMed
10. Haas C. Barley, the olive and wine, dietary and therapeutic triad of ancient Mediterranean people [in French]. Ann Med Interne . 1998;149:275-279. PubMed
11. Ruano J, Lopez-Miranda J, Fuentes F, et al. Phenolic content of virgin olive oil improves ischemic reactive hyperemia in hypercholesterolemic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2005;46:1864-1868. PubMed
12. Weinbrenner T, Fito M, Farre Albaladejo M, et al. Bioavailability of phenolic compounds from olive oil and oxidative/antioxidant status at postprandial state in healthy humans. Drugs Exp Clin Res . 2004;30:207-212. PubMed
13. Moschandreas J, Vissers MN, Wiseman S, van Putte KP, Kafatos A. Extra virgin olive oil phenols and markers of oxidation in Greek smokers: a randomized cross-over study. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2002;56:1024-1029. PubMed
14. Covas MI, de la Torre K, Farre-Albaladejo M, et al. Postprandial LDL phenolic content and LDL oxidation are modulated by olive oil phenolic compounds in humans. Free Radic Biol Med . 2006;40:608-616. PubMed
15. Marrugat J, Covas MI, Fito M, et al. Effects of differing phenolic content in dietary olive oils on lipids and LDL oxidation—a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr . 2004;43:140-147.
16. Sutherland WH, de Jong SA, Walker RJ, et al. Effect of meals rich in heated olive and safflower oils on oxidation of postprandial serum in healthy men. Atherosclerosis . 2002;160:195-203. PubMed
17. St-Onge MP, Lamarche B, Mauger JF, Jones PJ. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men. J Nutr . 2003;133:1815-1820. PubMed
18. Psaltopoulou T, Naska A, Orfanos P, Trichopoulos D, Mountokalakis T, Trichopoulou A. Olive oil, the Mediterranean diet, and arterial blood pressure: the Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr . 2004;80:1012-1018. PubMed
19. Perona JS, Canizares J, Montero E, Sanchez-Dominguez JM, Ruiz-Gutierrez V. Plasma lipid modifications in elderly people after administration of two virgin olive oils of the same variety ( Olea europaea var. hojiblanca ) with different triacylglycerol composition. Br J Nutr . 2003;89:819-826. PubMed
20. Perona JS, Canizares J, Montero E, et al. Virgin olive oil reduces blood pressure in hypertensive elderly subjects. Clin Nutr . 2004;23:1113-1121. PubMed
21. Fito M, Cladellas M, de la Torre R, et al. Antioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trial. Atherosclerosis . 2005;181:149-158. PubMed
22. Morgan DR, Dixon LJ, Hanratty CG, et al. Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol . 2006;97:547-551. PubMed
23. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA . 2004;292:1440-1446. PubMed
24. Visioli F, Caruso D, Grande S, et al. Virgin Olive Oil Study (VOLOS): vasoprotective potential of extra virgin olive oil in mildly dyslipidemic patients. Eur J Nutr . 2005;44:121-127. PubMed
25. Bellido C, Lopez-Miranda J, Blanco-Colio LM, et al. Butter and walnuts, but not olive oil, elicit postprandial activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr . 2004;80:1487-1491. PubMed
26. Aguilera CM, Mesa MD, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Nestares MT, Ros E, Gil A. Sunflower oil does not protect against LDL oxidation as virgin olive oil does in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Clin Nutr . 2004;23:673-681. PubMed
27. Papas A, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Lagiou P, Bamia C, Chloptsios Y, Trichopoulou A. Plasma retinol and tocopherol levels in relation to demographic, lifestyle and nutritional factors of plant origin in Greece. Br J Nutr . 2003;89:83-87. PubMed
28. Nielsen NS, Pedersen A, Sandstrom B, Marckmann P, Hoy CE. Different effects of diets rich in olive oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower-seed oil on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and on lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. Br J Nutr . 2002;87:489-499. PubMed
29. Thomsen C, Storm H, Holst JJ, Hermansen K. Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr . 2003;77:605-611.
30. Mekki N, Charbonnier M, Borel P, et al. Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. J Nutr . 2002;132:3642-3649. PubMed
31. Wallace AJ, Sutherland WH, Mann JI, Williams SM. The effect of meals rich in thermally stressed olive and safflower oils on postprandial serum paraoxonase activity in patients with diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2001;55:951-958. PubMed
32. Huschak G, Zur Nieden K, Hoell T, Riemann D, Mast H, Stuttmann R. Olive oil based nutrition in multiple trauma patients: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med . 2005;31:1202-1208. PubMed
33. Gobel Y, Koletzko B, Bohles HJ, et al. Parenteral fat emulsions based on olive and soybean oils: a randomized clinical trial in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 2003;37:161-167. PubMed
34. Weisburger JH. Dietary fat and risk of chronic disease: mechanistic insights from experimental studies. J Am Diet Assoc . 1997;97(7 suppl):S16-S23. PubMed
35. Gallus S, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, Levi F, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Laryngeal cancer in women: tobacco, alcohol, nutritional, and hormonal factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 2003;12:514-517. PubMed
36. Reddy BS. Dietary fat and colon cancer: animal model studies. Lipids . 1992;27:807-813. PubMed
37. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Almendra CL, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition . 2005;21:131-136. PubMed
38. Wilhelmi G. Potential effects of nutrition including additives on healthy and arthrotic joints. I. Basic dietary constituents [in German]. Z Rheumatol . 1993;52:174-179. PubMed
39. Pretty IA, Gallagher MJ, Martin MV, Edgar WM, Higham SM. A study to assess the effects of a new detergent-free, olive oil formulation dentifrice in vitro and in vivo. J Dent . 2003;31:327-332. PubMed
40. Tranter HS, Tassou SC, Nychas GJ. The effect of the olive phenolic compound, oleuropein, on growth and enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus . J Appl Bacteriol . 1993;74:253-259. PubMed
41. Fleming HP, Walter WM Jr, Etchells JL. Antimicrobial properties of oleuropein and products of its hydrolysis from green olives. Appl Microbiol . 1973;26:777-782. PubMed
42. Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants . Paris, France: Lavoisier; 1995:127-129.
43. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs . Austin, TX: American Botanical Council; 1998:358.
44. Claus EP, ed. Pharmacognosy . 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1961.